مقاله سنگ هاي ادراري

فهرست

چکيده

تاريخچه                                                                                                                          4

مقدمه                                                                                                                           6

فصل اول

کليه- نماي ظاهري

                                                                                          19

تشکيل ادرار                                                                                                                            19

پالايش گلومرولي                                                                                                                     20

بازجذب توبولي و ترشح توبولي                                                                                                      21

دفع فرآورده هاي زائد                                                                                                                 21

تنظيم دفع الکتروليت                                                                                                                 21

تنظيم دفع اسيد                                                                                                                        22

تنظيم دفع آب                                                                                                                         23

اسمولاليته                                                                                                                              23

چگالي ويژه ادرار                                                                                                                      24

هورمون ضد ادراري                                                                                                                  24

خود تنظيمي فشار خون………                                                                                               25

پاک سازي کليوي                                                                                                                    25

ساير کارکرد هاي کليه                                                                                                               26

کارکردهاي حالب ،مثانه و پيشابراه                                                                                                  27

ذخيره ادرار                                                                                                                             27

دفع ادرار                                                                                                                                27

کنترل عضله                                                                                                                           27

کنترل عصبي                                                                                                                          28

درد                                                                                                                                      28

مشخات درد هاي ادراري                                                                                                            28

تغييرات در دفع ادرار                                                                                                                  29

نشانه هاي گوارشي                                                                                                                   29

معاينه فيزيکي                             

                                                                               &

 

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